In any sample of an ionic compound, the positive charges of the cations must equal the negative charges of the anions. The forces of attraction that bind oppositely charged ions together are called ionic bonds. They attract one another by electrostatic forces. Ionic Bond Formation Anions and cations have opposite charges. Cl - 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 Cl - octet By gaining two more they have the same electron configuration as neon. It is easier for nonmetals to gain electrons to become an anion to have a filled outer energy level than to lose electrons. Cl - 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 5 This is the same electron configuration as argon. Nonmetals like chlorine gain electrons & form anions. Sodium is a metal and, as such, loses electrons to form a cation & have eight valence electrons. Metals lose electrons to obey this rule, and nonmetals share or gain electrons to obey this rule. As such, they follow a rule called the octet rule: The octet rule states that atoms in compounds tend to have the stable electron configuration of a noble gas. Atoms form ions & molecules for this reason, they want filled outer energy levels.
This is because they have filled outer energy levels. P.188įormation of Cations & Anions As we have talked about before, noble gases are quite unreactive. The inner electrons are represented by the symbol for the element being considered. Electron dot structures show valence electrons as dots. A shorthand way of showing valence electrons is through electron dot structures. Valence electrons are usually the only electrons used in the formation of chemical bonds. C 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 2 Si 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 2 Groups 5A has five (5) valence electrons and Group 6A has six (6) valence electrons, etc. H 1 s 1 Na 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 1 Li 1 s 2 2 s 1 K 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 1 Carbon and silicon, in Group 4A, have four valence electrons. The elements in Group 1A (hydrogen, lithium, etc.) all have one valence electron. The number of valence electrons is related to the group numbers in the periodic table. The number of valence electrons determines the chemical properties of an element. Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element’s atoms. After the discovery of the electron, scientists found that all elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. Ionic Bonds The periodic table is based upon the properties of the elements. Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds Or How I Learned to Love Electrostatic Forces
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